Jan 08, · Bibliography. Pagination of in-text citations follows that of the reprint, where page numbers for the latter are given below. Alexander, Joshua, Ronald Mallon, and Jonathan M. Weinberg, , “Accentuate the Negative”, Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 1(2): – Almeder, Robert, , “On Naturalizing Epistemology”, American Philosophical Quarterly, 27(4): – Nov 07, · The great news is that our experienced essay writers have compiled a list of the best compare and contrast essay topics for any assignment you can ever imagine. On top of that, you will find out how to select the topic that will make the jaws drop (in a good way only) Evil. As a prerequisite for any discussion of evil, moral evil must be distinguished from physical or natural evil. This essay uses the term "moral evil" to include both social offenses (ethics — murder, theft) and cultic sins (those offenses aimed directly against the deity blasphemy, idolatry)
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Please enter your email address associated with your Materialism essay All-Pass account, then click Continue. We'll send you an email with steps on how to reset your password. As a prerequisite for any discussion of evil, moral evil must be distinguished from physical or natural evil.
This essay uses the term "moral evil" to include both social offenses ethics — murder, materialism essay, theft and cultic sins those offenses aimed directly against the deity materialism essay, idolatry. Moral evil, therefore, whether its setting be cultic or social, when carried out may be considered a sin. That cultic and ethical values were one and the same in the Hebraic mind may be illustrated by the similar penalties exacted for the severest offenses in either category death, being cut off.
Cultic values are addressed in the first four of the Ten Commandments Exod ; Deut and by the first of Jesus' "Great Commandments" Matt ; Mark ; Luke ; cf. Deut ; ethics are considered in the last six of the Ten Commandments Exod ; Deut and by the second "Great Commandment" Lev Accordingly, materialism essay, what is morally good is not what human society decides is in its best interest, but what the revealed will of God declares.
There can be no biblical ethics that stand apart from cult nor a biblical morality apart from theology, materialism essay. Instead, morality is defined by theology, which carries within it certain cultic affirmations and prohibitions together with the ethical.
For example, materialism essay, the same Decalogue that declares that stealing and murder are wrong materialism essay forbids idolatry and blasphemy. What makes these things wrong is not some abstract quality called "the good" as sought by philosophers in time past.
Instead, materialism essay, what constitutes social evil is what is so defined by God, and in that respect i. There are, therefore, materialism essay, no grounds for the oft-repeated error wherein the "moral law" the ethical is in some way distinguished from the "ceremonial law" the cultic in Israel's values system.
There can be no such distinction! That which is ethical is right because God has declared it so; the cultic portions of the Law likewise determine what is right for the same reason.
Because of this, materialism essay, cult and ethics often appear fused in the Bible, as in Cain's admission of guilt for a faulty sacrifice and the murder of his brother Gen ; a similar fusion of the cultic and the ethical occurs in Genesis "the sin of the Amorites"where idolatry and unethical activity are considered as one. If God is the definer of what is good 2 Sam ; Mark ; Lukeright Genand just Jobit is not surprising that the Bible never attributes moral or cultic evil to him Job Indeed, he hates evil Psalm and is the avenging judge who punishes those who practice it Isa ; Micah On the other hand, what ethicists term physical evil or, natural evil is often connected with the activities of God, and thus demonstrates the importance of defining these categories before discussing the subject further.
An ethicist may distinguish these two types of evil thus: 1 moral evil, which is real if any intellectual being knowingly does anything he or she ought not to have done without being compelled to do it; and 2 physical evil, which is real if some beings have suffered in situations caused by nonrational beings, materialism essay, or through actions of rational beings acting nonrationally.
Moral Evil and Sin. Distinguishing moral evil from sin is no simple task, yet it must be attempted before any discussion may proceed further, materialism essay. First, it is important to differentiate a sin an individual expression of sin from generic sin, the condition that gives rise to its expression, materialism essay. An individual sin, as mentioned earlier, is an acting out of cultic or social evil.
But generic sin is the condition that gives rise to the evil expressed in the individual sin. However sin and evil may be considered by a secularist, materialism essay, the theological perspective held by the Bible that presupposes an involvement by God in his creation and an active will of God governing that creation requires that evil assume a theological dimension.
Accordingly, moral evil finds its roots in disobedience, materialism essay, whether deliberate or accidental, premeditated materialism essay unpremeditated, cultic or ethical, to the revealed will of God, and as such, becomes associated with generic sin and virtually synonymous with wickedness. The stress in the Old Testament lies not on the conceptual, but in the practical outworking of a state of disharmony with God and one's fellow humans. The origins for sin and evil in both Old and New Testaments are materialism essay to the activities of an evil creature, Satan 1 John : "the devil has been sinning from the beginning" and to human sin that led to a fall Rom and banishment form Eden and the tree of life Gen 3.
Cultic and Social Evil. In biblical theology, natural revelation ties humanity in general to a responsibility before God which, when ignored, leads to human relationships that are immoral Rom In both Testaments, proper worship and social ethics are subsumed in a common covenant that ties the people of God to him and to one another.
Since what God ordains is good, what is ethical is not clearly differentiated from what is cultic. Both belong to that aspect of sin that sets itself against the divinely instituted order, whether social or cultic, and thus inexorable finds itself in incessant conflict with God. Like Gollum's materialism essay in The Hobbit or the addict's first "fix, " evil does not always seem immediately repulsive, but may even be seen as attractive on superficial examination Genwhile profoundly destructive at a deeper level Isa Because what is right was what was ordained by God, and what is wrong was what was proscribed by him, deviation from this paradigm constitutes what is evil, materialism essay.
The most common term for cultic evil in the Old Testament used over times is awon [! A'[ ], "perversion, " possibly related to the verb awah [ h"w'[ ], "to be bent, " "to twist. Because of Israel's holistic modes of thought, the word may be used to describe: 1 the evil action itself particularly when found in the plural, materialism essay, e. It may be materialism essay to describe idolatry Exod ; Joshua ; materialism essay. Jer materialism essay Ezek ; Ezekiel Ezekiel Ezekieltrivializing the deity 2 Saapostasy Jermaterialism essay, breach of the covenant Jermaterialism essay, or other activities that would in some way demean God's character or name 1 Sam It may refer to doing away with the fear of God Job or a lack of steadfastness toward him Psalm and it functions to alienate the individual from God Lev ; Isa Prohibitions sometimes list words for "sin" together with awon [!
A'[ ], emphasizing its theological coloring e. A frequently used word to convey the wrongness of idolatry is awen [ w'a ], denoting what is materialism essay of any redeeming value.
It may, therefore, denote "trouble, sorrow" as when the dying Rachel names her son Ben-oni, "son of my sorrow" Gen The word is often used along with "toil" or "labor, materialism essay, " and in such cases may designate the sin that brings the trouble Psalm ; Isa It may also be used to emphasize the absence of any theological value to a materialism essay exercise Isa Taking on the nuance of power used in a harmful manner, in Psalm awen [ w'a ] may designate "deceit.
Other common words for evil include the nouns awel, awla, derived from a root meaning "to deviate. They are used to describe what is not right Leviticus Leviticus and dishonest business practices Deut Although Ezekiel generally seems to stress a need for cultic correctness, materialism essay, he uses awel to denote moral lapse, dishonesty ; Ezekiel Ezekiel ; such as taking usury and showing partiality in judgmentmaterialism essay, dishonest trade that desecrates the sanctuariesand taking pledges for loans, stealing, and so on Moreover, awel is sometimes found in one's hand Both words are clearly seen as denoting actions by their materialism essay use as objects of materialism essay of doing.
They are frequently seen as antonyms for words denoting justice, faithfulness, honesty, proper just administration, and rightness.
They are frequently paired with synonyms with other words denoting persecution, wickedness, materialism essay, rebellion, violence, and evil. Many Hebrew words are used for both cultic and social evil. For example, awon [! A'[ ] may also be used to describe social evil. In Genesisthe brothers use it to describe their abuse of Joseph. It is used materialism essay to describe unwholesome sexual activities Levadultery Numbers Numbersand other civil or social perversions 1 Samuel 1 Samuel ; 2 Sam ; Neh ; Psalm The words rasa [ [;v'r ], resa [ [;v,r ] are the most important antonyms for "what is right, just.
The words ra [ [;r ], roa, and raa [ [;['r ], "harmful, materialism essay, harm, " may be used in indicating something evil as bad, with ra [ [;r ] frequently appearing as the opposite of good. Sometimes materialism essay meaning is moral, sometimes cultic evil, but often both. Hosea's favorite word for evil is ra [ [;r ]. The evil man in Proverbs will be punished, will be ensnared by the transgression of his lipsand has no future Job complains that the evil man is spared in the day of calamity In JeremiahIsrael, the unfaithful wife of Yahweh, has so departed from his ways that she is able to teach her ways even to evil women.
Materialism essay men in 1 Samuel termed evil are those who had pursued the Amalekites with David but who had selfishly decided that those left to guard the baggage should not share in the Amalekite spoil, materialism essay.
In Genesis the word describes the men of Sodom. In Psalmevil things are devised in the hearts of violent men. The Materialism essay Standard Version interprets ra [ [;r ] in Psalm as the "evildoer. In the New Testament the words poneros [ ponhrov" ] and kakos [ kakov" ] and their compounds and derivatives along with anomia [ ajnomiva ], "lawlessness, " have been used to denote what is bad or evil, and may either denote violations of social or cultic norms.
The word kakos [ kakov" ], its compounds and derivatives, denoted what was "bad, " the opposite of good. In the Septuagint kakos [ kakov" ] most often denoted an evil that objectively hurt one's existence, which may have come as a judgment of God Deut ; Amos b.
The word appears in the New Testament without the attendant problems of theodicy that appear in its Old Testament setting. As such the adjective kakos [ kakov" ] may characterize a morally bad slave Mattwhat is harmful e. Romor, when used as a substantive, what is materialism essay to law i, materialism essay.
Most of its occurrences in the New Testament are found in Paul's writings, where it can depict the evil one does unwillingly Romans Romans and which becomes a law that rules him Romans Romans and which can only be overcome by the grace of God through Christ The compounds and derivatives of the word poneros [ ponhrov" ] are commonly used in the New Testament to express materialism essay and personal guilt of a more profound sort, especially in the Gospels.
For example, it is used to denote the general evil of humankind Mattthe hardened Pharisees Mattand the Jews as the evil generation Matt In Matthewan "evil" tree bears "evil" fruit, whereas in poneros [ ponhrov" ] can designate the general materialism essay nature of human beings. Used materialism essay a substantive, it can represent [an] evil person [s] Matt who will be judged in the final judgment Matt Anyone who decides against Jesus is evil 2 Thess ; 2 Tim Particularly when used with the definite article it may serve as a sobriquet for Satan Matt ; Mark ; Luke Although its literal meaning is "lawlessness, " anomia [ ajnomiva ] was used in the Septuagint most frequently to translate awon [!
A'[ ] sixty times and renders awen [ default. In the New Testament it generally indicates "wickedness, " albeit often with an eschatological flavor Matt ; 2 Thess Physical Evil. What Is Harmful. This distinctive nuance of the root r may be clearly seen where one of the words listed above is used to designate something physically harmful and where no moral reference is clearly intended as primary, materialism essay. Examples of this are found in its use to describe poisonous herbs in Elisha's pot 2 Kings and the bad water he heals 2 Kings Closely allied to the latter are the "evil materialism essay of Egypt Deut and the "evil diseases" of Ecclesiastes Similarly seen as harmful are the deadly sword of Psalm and God's arrows in Ezekiel Dangerous animals capable of destroying human life are called "evil" GenGod will remove them from Canaan Levbut will send them again to destroy materialism essay Jerusalem Ezek ; cf.
also Ezematerialism essay, only to banish them again when Judah is restored from captivity Eze
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